Stratum
Plants of the medium stratum
Half-light under the canopy, in the 50–60% cover range: the medium stratum concentrates moderate-sized fruit trees. Many take full sun in the system's youth, but filtered light is where they settle.
157 species in the catalog · Refine this list in the catalog
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white tephrosia
Tephrosia candida
Placenta II Low Mulch biomass 🌱 Nitrogen fixerA short-lived (3-4 years) perennial leguminous shrub of 1-3 m, native to India and widely introduced across the tropics. It fixes nitrogen and is g...
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forastero cacao
Theobroma cacao
Secondary II Medium No biomass productionBrazil's dominant cacao varietal group — yellow-green pods, purple-cotyledon seeds, robust but less aromatic flavor. Tall (6–12 m unpruned), vigoro...
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cocoa
Theobroma cacao
Secondary I Low No biomass productionLow-stratum fruit tree shaded by bananas, ingás and palms in the Bahia syntropic systems pioneered by Götsch.
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ccn-51 cacao
Theobroma cacao
Secondary II Medium No biomass productionEcuadorian hybrid clone (IMC-67 × ICS-95) selected by Homero Castro in the 1960s. Compact (4–5 m), self-compatible, high yield (up to 4 t/ha), and ...
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trinitario cacao
Theobroma cacao
Secondary II Medium No biomass productionHybrid group (Forastero × Criollo) originating in Trinidad. Combines Forastero's vigor with Criollo's cup quality. Medium height (5–8 m), intermedi...
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criollo cacao
Theobroma cacao
Secondary II Medium No biomass productionHeirloom varietal group — Mesoamerican origin, red or yellow pods with white-to-pale-purple seeds. Delicate, low-bitterness flavor — the basis of t...
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cupuaçu
Theobroma grandiflorum
Secondary I Medium No biomass productionAmazonian high-stratum fruit tree, cousin of cocoa. Pasini lists it in the high stratum of Tabela 3 and among Abundance-system species — middle pha...
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Mexican sunflower
Tithonia diversifolia
Placenta II High Fertilizer biomassFast-growing perennial shrub; propagated by stem cuttings; high biomass production rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Explicitly cited by...
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wheat
Triticum aestivum
Placenta I High Mulch biomassAnnual cereal originating in the Fertile Crescent. Rebello & Sakamoto (2019) tested wheat in a syntropic system in the Cerrado (Chapada dos Veadeir...
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assa-peixe
Vernonanthura phosphorica
Placenta II Low Mulch biomassPioneer shrub-tree of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, listed by Rebello among anchor species of the accumulation system. Indicator of shallow, dry soi...
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concord grape
Vitis labrusca
Secondary II Medium No biomass productionAmerican grapevine — rustic and tolerant of diseases that afflict V. vinifera in the tropics. Source of >90% of Brazilian grape production (Niagara...
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grape
Vitis vinifera
Secondary II Medium No biomass productionWoody perennial vine. Cultivated throughout Brazil — European grapevines (Vitis vinifera) in the South (table and wine grapes); American (V. labrus...
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tannia
Xanthosoma sagittifolium
Secondary I Low No biomass productionPANC perennial leafy vegetable widely used in Brazilian syntropic systems. Pasini lists it in the low stratum of Tabela 3 and in the '3 to 10 years...
❓ Frequently asked questions
What is the medium stratum?
Sub-canopy; tolerate more shade than high stratum.
Which plants occupy the medium stratum?
The catalog holds 157 species, among them white tephrosia, forastero cacao, cocoa. Each profile shows stratum, succession stage, and the management data, with sources cited.